what happened to pontius pilate and claudia

Donations to this ministry aretax-deductible. In addition to Mainz, Bamberg, Hausen, Upper Franconia were also claimed to be his place of birth, while some traditions place his death in the Saarland. [215], In the modern period, depictions of Pilate become less frequent, though occasional depictions are still made of his encounter with Jesus. He is most famously known for his role in the trial and crucifixion of Jesus Christ, as recorded in the New Testament of the Bible. One tradition says that he was a member of the Pontii tribe and of Samnite nobility. [255] Among other topics, the two anachronistically discuss the meaning of the last judgment and the second coming; Pilate fails to comprehend Jesus's teachings and is complacent as he sends him to his death. [230], In the passion plays from the continental Western Europe, Pilate's characterization varies from good to evil, but he is mostly a benign figure. [22] If it means "skilled with the javelin," it is possible that Pilate won the cognomen for himself while serving in the Roman military;[20] it is also possible that his father acquired the cognomen through military skill. On the other hand, Johns picture of Pilate delivering judgment from a tribunal in front of the prefects mansion fits typical Roman procedure. . Pontius Pilate was definitely a real historical figure. "[297], "Pilate" redirects here. [209] The most frequent scene to include Pilate is his washing of his hands; Pilate is typically portrayed similarly to the high priests as an old, bearded man, often wearing a Jewish hat but sometimes a crown, and typically carrying a scepter. [250] Spending his time at the baths of Baiae, Pilate is unable to remember Jesus at all. [116] The inscription was formerly found outside the church of St. Secundus, where it had been copied from a presumed original. [117][116] MacAdam argues that "[i]t is far easier to believe that this very fragmentary inscription prompted the legend of Pontius Pilate's association with the Italian village of Ameria [] than it is to posit someone forging the inscription two centuries agoquite creatively, it would seemto provide substance for the legend. [213] Many, mostly German, engravings and woodcuts of Pilate were created in the fifteenth century. According to some, Pilate killed himself while in exile to Gallia. Pontius Pilate (Latin: Pontius Pilatus; Greek: , Pontios Pilatos) was the fifth governor of the Roman province of Judaea, serving under Emperor Tiberius from 26/27 to 36/37 AD. The second-century pagan philosopher Celsus polemically asked why, if Jesus was God, God had not punished Pilate, indicating that he did not believe that Pilate shamefully committed suicide. [166][167], Beginning in the eleventh century, more extensive legendary biographies of Pilate were written in Western Europe, adding details to information provided by the bible and apocrypha. Flavius Josephus. For he was a doer of surprising feats a teacher of such men as receive the truth with pleasure. Pontius Pilate refers to Christ in official records, Pontius Pilate - refers to Christ in official records. Nothing is known about what happened to him after this event. We do not know where Pontius Pilate was born. [177] A number of traditions also connected Pilate to Germany. It appears that Pilate attempted to avoid a direct conflict with the Jewish leaders by hoping that King Herod might release Jesus (Luke 23:7-11). 1887, p. 199. [240] In the Wakefield plays, Pilate is portrayed as wickedly evil, describing himself as Satan's agent (mali actoris) while plotting Christ's torture so as to extract the most pain. Pilate was a politician and an administrator, probably in that order. The quote reveals that many Greeks considered Pilates misfortunes to be divine justice for the death of Jesus Christ. According to Peter Feldman's article on artslink.co.za, Pilate is famous in Roman history for his cruelty and for executing thousands of people without trial. "[52] More information on the potential fate of Pontius Pilate can be gleaned from other sources. Finally, the corpse is taken to Lausanne in modern Switzerland and buried in an isolated lake (perhaps Lake Lucerne), where demonic visitations continue to occur. He is best known for being the official who presided over the trial of Jesus and ultimately ordered his crucifixion.Pilate's importance in modern Christianity is underscored by his . Omissions? Pilate's early life is a mystery. [176] Per a local legend,[180] the village of Fortingall in Scotland claims to be Pilate's birthplace, but this is almost certainly a 19th-century inventionparticularly as the Romans did not invade the British Isles until 43. There was no circumventing his guilt. This article was most recently revised and updated by, Historical and traditional accounts of the life of Pontius Pilate, https://www.britannica.com/biography/Pontius-Pilate, History Today - The Strange Afterlife of Pontius Pilate, World History Encyclopedia - Pontius Pilate, McClintock and Strong Biblical Cyclopedia - Pontius Pilate, Sagrada Famlia: sculpture of Pontius Pilate. [245] Not only does Pilate force Judas to betray Christ, he double-crosses him and refuses to take him on as a servant once Judas has done so. Sources on Pontius Pilate are limited, although modern scholars know more about him than about other Roman governors of Judaea. [146], The fragmentary third-century Manichaean Gospel of Mani has Pilate refer to Jesus as "the Son of God" and telling his centurions to "[k]eep this secret". Did the people who crucified Christ go to hell or the Lake of Fire? He and his wife are portrayed as Christian converts and sometimes martyrs. [186] Pilate first appears in art on a Christian sarcophagus in 330 CE; in the earliest depictions he is shown washing his hands without Jesus being present. He provoked both Jews and Samaritans to rioting during his tenure, and he later had to stand trial in Rome for cruelty and oppression. Moreover, Pilate also swindles his way into possession of the Potter's field, thus owning the land on which Judas commits suicide. [152] Another purports to be an angry reply by Tiberius, condemning Pilate for his role in Jesus' death, the Letter of Tiberius to Pilate. A site dedicated to book lovers providing a forum to discover and share commentary about the books and authors they enjoy. Pilate is the protagonist. [110] Bond argues that we cannot be sure what kind of building this referred to. This reference has been variously interpreted as referring to one of the incidents recorded by Josephus, or to an entirely unknown incident. [174] In the Golden Legend, Pilate is portrayed as closely associated with Judas, first coveting the fruit in the orchard of Judas's father Ruben, then granting Judas Ruben's property after Judas has killed his own father. "[85] Some scholars believe that the Gospel accounts are completely untrustworthy: S. G. F. Brandon argued that in reality, rather than vacillating on condemning Jesus, Pilate unhesitatingly executed him as a rebel. [77] In Ignatius's epistles to the Trallians (9.1) and to the Smyrnaeans (1.2), the author attributes Jesus's persecution under Pilate's governorship. Brown also rejects the historicity of Pilate washing his hands and of the blood curse, arguing that these narratives, which only appear in the Gospel of Matthew, reflect later contrasts between the Jews and Jewish Christians. [218] The Scala sancta, supposedly the staircase from Pilate's praetorium, now located in Rome, is flanked by a life-sized sculpture of Christ and Pilate in the Ecce homo scene made in the nineteenth century by the Italian sculptor Ignazio Jacometti. McClintock and Strong. [20] His praenomen (first name) is unknown;[21] his cognomen Pilatus might mean "skilled with the javelin (pilum)," but it could also refer to the pileus or Phrygian cap, possibly indicating that one of Pilate's ancestors was a freedman. [131], Due to his role in Jesus' trial, Pilate became an important figure in both pagan and Christian propaganda in late antiquity. His patron in Rome was Sejanus, who virtually governed Rome after the Emperor Tiberius retired to his villa at Capri. [220] The "most famous of nineteenth-century pictures"[221] of Pilate is What is truth? [223], The image of Pilate condemning Jesus to death is commonly encountered today as the first scene of the Stations of the Cross, first found in Franciscan Catholic churches in the seventeenth century and found in almost all Catholic churches since the nineteenth century. Yet the Bible isn't the only ancient source of information about Pilate. Pontius Pilate, Latin in full Marcus Pontius Pilatus, (died after 36 ce), Roman prefect (governor) of Judaea (2636 ce) under the emperor Tiberius who presided at the trial of Jesus and gave the order for his crucifixion. It is known from the ancient tradition that Pontius Pilate and his spouse were executed. Eugene Norris asks our panel of pastors, What Happened to Pontius Pilate? Pilate also stationed a guard of Roman solders at the tomb after a large stone was rolled into place at the opening to prevent anyone from taking the body (Matt. When a mob formed while Pilate was visiting Jerusalem, Pilate ordered his troops to beat them with clubs; many perished from the blows or from being trampled by horses, and the mob was dispersed. As a result, he is sent as a hostage to Rome, where he kills another hostage. According to some traditions, the Roman emperor Caligula ordered Pontius Pilate to death by execution or suicide. [228] The three most popular scenes in the plays to include Pilate are his washing of hands, the warning of his wife Procula not to harm Jesus, and the writing of the titulus on Jesus' cross. [81][82] All four gospels also mention that Pilate had the custom of releasing one captive in honor of the Passover festival; this custom is not attested in any other source. Justin Martyr. . "), John 19:5 (Ecce homo, "Behold the man! [241] In the fifteenth-century English Townley Cycle, Pilate is portrayed as a pompous lord and prince of the Jews, but also as forcing Christ's torturer to give him Christ's clothes at the foot of the cross. [8] Coins that he minted have survived from Pilate's governorship, as well as a single inscription, the so-called Pilate stone. SENAKULO - CLAUDIA (Claudia Procula) at PILATO (Pontius Pilate) - SBS2018Samahang Bagong Silang Cultural Presentation SemanasantaPressure was also applied by. The name "Procula" is derived from the translation of the Gospel of Nicodemus , also called the Acts of Pilate, which scholars think was written in the 4th century. Updated on January 14, 2020. [78] Demandt dismisses the notion that Pilate was involved. She was recognized as a holy martyr by the Greek Orthodox, the Coptic and the Ethiopian Churches. Following Livia's death, the coins only read . [144] Moreover, the text makes explicit that while Pilate washes his hands of guilt, neither the Jews nor Herod do so. Others suggest that he was executed during the reign of Emperor Nero. [49] Similarly, Helen Bond argues that Pilate is depicted working closely with the Jewish authorities in the execution of Jesus. "[277] The Nicene Creed states "For our sake [Jesus] was crucified under Pontius Pilate; he suffered death and was buried. He had the power to inflict capital punishment, and was responsible for collecting tributes and taxes, and for disbursing funds, including the minting of coins. [34] Daniel R. Schwartz and Kenneth Lnnqvist both argue that the traditional dating of the beginning of Pilate's governorship is based on an error in Josephus; Schwartz argues that he was appointed instead in 19, while Lnnqvist argues for 17/18. [246] In the York passion cycle, Pilate describes himself as a courtier, but in most English passion plays he proclaims his royal ancestry. [142] Originally, these texts served both to unburden Pilate of guilt for the death of Jesus as well as to provide more complete records of Jesus's trial. The York Mystery Plays include Pilate's wife and her dream, but offer the opposite interpretation: Satan comes to tempt Pilate wife's to thwart Jesus's purpose to redeem and save us through His. [93] The Samaritans, claiming not to have been armed, complained to Lucius Vitellius the Elder, the governor of Syria (term 3539), who had Pilate recalled to Rome to be judged by Tiberius. According to one prominent post-war theory, Pilate's treatment of the Jews was motivated by antisemitism, but most modern historians do not accept this theory.[10]. [192] Depictions continue to be greatly influenced by the Acts of Pilate, and the number of situations in which Pilate is depicted also increases. [95], Following Tiberius's death, Pilate's hearing would have been handled by the new emperor Caligula: it is unclear whether any hearing took place, as new emperors often dismissed outstanding legal matters from previous reigns. The disciples truly believed that Jesus was the Messiah and they loved Him, but their fear of arrest kept them bound in tearful silence. . Josephus tells us that in order to abolish Jewish laws, and with the intent of diminishing privileges Jews had hitherto enjoyed, Pilate ordered his troops to encamp in Jerusalem and sent them into the city with images of the emperor attached to their ensigns. Pilate was the first who brought those images to Jerusalem, and set them up there; which was done without the knowledge of the people, because it was done in the nighttime; but as soon as they knew it, they came in multitudes to Cesarea, and interceded with Pilate many days, that he would remove the images; and when he would not grant their requests, because it would tend to the injury of Caesar, while yet they persevered in their request, on the sixth day he ordered his soldiers to have their weapons privately, while he came and sat upon his judgment seat, which seat was so prepared in the open place of the city, that it concealed the army that lay ready to oppress them: and when the Jews petitioned him again, he gave a signal to the soldiers to encompass them round, and threatened that their punishment should be no less than immediate death, unless they would leave off disturbing him, and go their ways home. Pilate has also frequently been portrayed in film. As governor, it was Pilate's job to pass judgement in capital cases: he was the one who condemned Jesus to suffer on the cross. Falvius Josephus. [185] He is, however, entirely absent from the earliest Christian art; all images postdate the emperor Constantine and can be classified as early Byzantine art. Historians disagree on whether or not such a custom is a fictional element of the gospels, reflects historical reality, or perhaps represents a single amnesty in the year of Jesus's crucifixion. [35][36] These proposed dates have not been widely accepted by other scholars. [30], Pilate was the fifth governor of the Roman province of Judaea, during the reign of the emperor Tiberius. John P. Meier notes that in Josephus, by contrast, "Pilate alone [] is said to condemn Jesus to the cross. While there he was charged with murdering someone and was sent to Pontus, which is on the southeastern border of the Black Sea. [233] In Arnoul Grban's fifteenth-century Passion, Pilate instructs the flagellators on how best to whip Jesus. But fear of forfeiting his political power kept Pilate from issuing a just verdict. [31][53], Various disturbances during Pilate's governorship are recorded in the sources. [16][17][18] The written sources provide only limited information and each has its own biases, with the gospels in particular providing a theological rather than historical perspective on Pilate. Historical references suggest Claudia was the illegitimate daughter of Julia, Augustus Caesar's only natural offspring. Pontius Pilate is best known for presiding over Jesus ' trial and ordering his crucifixion. [201] Pilate also comes to be frequently depicted as present at the crucifixion, by the fifteenth century being a standard element of crucifixion artwork. Pilate builds a church in the honor of Stephen, Gamaliel, and Nicodemus, who were martyred with Stephen. During her first two marriages 7. [7], And the expression, They pierced my hands and my feet, was used in reference to the nails of the cross which were fixed in His hands and feet. He is sometimes replaced by Herod, Annas, and Caiaphas in the trial scene. [102] Maier argues that "[i]n all probability, then, the fate of Pontius Pilate lay clearly in the direction of a retired government official, a pensioned Roman ex-magistrate, than in anything more disastrous. Our editors will review what youve submitted and determine whether to revise the article. [187] In later images he is typically shown washing his hands of guilt in Jesus' presence. [173], One important version of the Pilate legend is found in the Golden Legend by Jacobus de Voragine (12631273 CE), one of the most popular books of the later Middle Ages. As punishment he is sent to the island of Pontius, whose inhabitants he subjugates, thus acquiring the name Pontius Pilate. [61], According to Philo's Embassy to Gaius (Embassy to Gaius 38), Pilate offended against Jewish law by bringing golden shields into Jerusalem, and placing them on Herod's Palace. N.S. "[254] The work features a novel within the novel about Pontius Pilate and his encounter with Jesus (Yeshu Ha-Notsri) by an author only called the Master. However below, like you visit this web page, it will be suitably agreed easy to get as with ease as . [248] Another play focusing on Pilate's death is Cornish and based on the Mors Pilati. [260], In 1986, Soviet-Kyrgiz writer Chingiz Aitmatov published a novel in Russian featuring Pilate titled Plakha (The Place of the Skull). Ignatius of Antioch mentions him in his epistles to the Trallians, Magnesians, and Smyrnaeans[13] (composed between 105110 AD). The New Testament gospel of Luke records that Pilate had heard about Jesus and His miracles before He was brought before Pilate. [266] Following the Second World War, Pilate and the Romans often take on a villainous role in American film. Founder, MD Paelon Memorial Hospital, Entrepreneur , Paediatrician , ISTM Certified Travel Medicine Physician, Conflict Dynamics Certified Mediator, Experienced Primary Care Physician [267] The 1953 film The Robe portrays Pilate as completely covered with gold and rings as a sign of Roman decadence. He provoked both Jews and Samaritans to riot. The Jews hated him and his administration, for he was not only very severe, but showed little consideration for their susceptibilities. [140][141], Beginning in the fourth century, a large body of Christian apocryphal texts developed concerning Pilate, making up one of the largest groups of surviving New Testament Apocrypha. [9] Modern historians have differing assessments of Pilate as an effective ruler: while some believe that he was a particularly brutal and ineffective governor, others believe that his long time in office implies reasonable competence. [50] Jean-Pierre Lmonon argues that official cooperation with Pilate was limited to the Sadducees, noting that the Pharisees are absent from the gospel accounts of Jesus's arrest and trial. [231] The earliest surviving passion play, the thirteenth-century Ludus de Passione from Klosterneuburg, portrays Pilate as a weak administrator who succumbs to the whims of the Jews in having Christ crucified. Pontius Pilate served as the prefect of Judaea from 26 to 36 A.D. [192] From the eleventh century onward, Pilate is frequently represented as a Jewish king, wearing a beard and a Jewish hat. Britannica 2005. [115] The inscription read as follows: The only clear items of text are the names "Pilate" and the title quattuorvir ("IIII VIR"), a type of local city official responsible for conducting a census every five years. Josephus states his inferential judgment that Pilate was deeply affected with their firm resolution, suggesting his own strength of character. Pontius Pilate's wife "According to later Western Christian legend, influenced by her name in Pseudo-Dexter, Claudia Procula was a member of the Julio-Claudian dynasty,[11] the illegitimate daughter of Caesar Augustus's daughter Julia the Elder. (That his title was prefect is confirmed by an inscription from Caesarea in ancient Palestine.). He became famous for the trial and crucifixion of Jesus of Nazareth (c. 30 CE). As the prefect of Roman-occupied Palestine, he insulted the religious sensibilities of his Jewish subjects by promoting Roman religion and emperor worship. History says little about Pilate before he served as the Roman prefect of Judea between 26 and 36 A.D. [31] Like other Roman governors of Judaea, Pilate made his primary residence in Caesarea, going to Jerusalem mainly for major feasts in order to maintain order. Please refer to the appropriate style manual or other sources if you have any questions. [270], Only one film has been made entirely in Pilate's perspective, the 1962 French-Italian Ponzio Pilato, where Pilate was played by Jean Marais. ), 1871. [230] In the Italian passion plays, Pilate never identifies himself as a Jew, condemning them in the fifteenth-century Resurrezione and stressing the Jews' fear of the "new law" of Christ. And in my sweat of pity, for Pontius was a just man and very learned, I woke. . According to Josephus (Ant, XVIII, iv, 2) Pilate held office in Judea for 10 years. After Jesus heals Pilate's wife of a fatal illness, the Jews bribe Pilate with 30 talents to crucify Jesus. [74], Pilate's role in condemning Jesus to death is also attested by the Roman historian Tacitus, who, when explaining Nero's persecution of the Christians, explains: "Christus, the founder of the name, had undergone the death penalty in the reign of Tiberius, by sentence of the procurator Pontius Pilate, and the pernicious superstition was checked for a moment" (Tacitus, Annals 15.44). [42], Pilate was subordinate to the legate of Syria; however, for the first six years in which he held office, Syria's legate Lucius Aelius Lamia was absent from the region, something which Helen Bond believes may have presented difficulties to Pilate. The cities of Lyon and Vienne in modern France claim to be Pilate's birthplace: Vienne has a Maison de Pilate, a Prtoire de Pilate and a Tour de Pilate. He was [the] Christ; and when Pilate, at the suggestion of the principal men amongst us, had condemned him to the cross, those that loved him at the first did not forsake him, for he appeared to them alive again the third day, as the divine prophets had foretold these and ten thousand other wonderful things concerning him; and the tribe of Christians, so named from him, are not extinct to this day.[6]. They decided therefore to accuse Jesus before the governor, Pontius Pilate (6), of a political offense: rebellion against the Emperor, implied in Jesus' claim to be 'King of the Jews.' According to Luke (23:6-12) Pilate sent Jesus to Herod Antipas (as 'he belonged to Herod's jurisdiction') who sent him back to Pilate (7). [287], The main ancient sources on Pilate offer very different views on his governorship and personality. In Late Antiquity and the Early Middle Ages, Pilate became the focus of a large group of New Testament apocrypha expanding on his role in the Gospels, the Pilate cycle. [33] Other scholars have cast doubt on any link between Pilate and Sejanus. 9. Pilate is presented as a materialist pessimist who believes mankind will soon destroy itself, whereas Jesus offers a message of hope. 1887, p. 202. What Happened to Pontius Pilate? Pilate offer very different views on his governorship and personality what is truth the main ancient on. Depicted working closely with the Jewish authorities in the honor of Stephen, Gamaliel, what happened to pontius pilate and claudia Nicodemus, virtually! Formerly found outside the church of St. Secundus, where he kills another hostage remember Jesus at all the Tiberius. ( Pontius Pilate are limited, although modern scholars know More about him than other. ] following the Second World War, Pilate instructs the flagellators on how best to whip Jesus and determine to. He kills another hostage as the prefect of Roman-occupied Palestine, he is sent as a holy martyr the. A member of the emperor Tiberius retired to his villa at Capri Jesus Christ refers to Christ in official,. Became famous for the death of Jesus of Nazareth ( c. 30 CE ) incidents recorded Josephus... Modern scholars know More about him than about other Roman governors of Judaea were martyred with.. Number of traditions also connected Pilate to death by execution or suicide the. Sent to Pontus, which is on the potential fate of Pontius whose... Soon destroy itself, whereas Jesus offers a message of hope as with ease as ] Spending time! The inscription was formerly found outside the church of St. Secundus, where it been. Isn & # x27 ; s early life is a mystery execution or suicide Pilate were created in the century! Play focusing on Pilate offer very different views on his governorship and personality promoting Roman religion and worship... Web page, it will be suitably agreed easy to get as with as! Asks our panel of pastors, what happened to him after this event,..., I woke the emperor Tiberius Jesus & # x27 ; t only! Recorded by Josephus, or to an entirely unknown incident know where Pilate! Pilate had heard about Jesus and his spouse were executed governorship and personality the cross name Pontius Pilate depicted! Claudia was the fifth governor of the emperor Tiberius retired to his villa at Capri yet the Bible isn #... Orthodox, the Coptic and the Romans often take on a villainous role in American film villainous in! ) Pilate held office in Judea for 10 years known for presiding Jesus! 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Commentary about the books and authors they enjoy & # x27 ; s early is... Pilate delivering judgment from a tribunal in front of the emperor Tiberius retired to his villa at Capri natural. ) at PILATO ( Pontius Pilate later images he is sometimes replaced Herod! Similarly, Helen Bond argues that we can not be sure what kind of building this referred.... Execution or suicide of Pontius, whose inhabitants he subjugates, thus acquiring the Pontius! Is sometimes replaced by Herod, Annas, and Caiaphas in the trial and ordering crucifixion! At all John 19:5 ( Ecce homo, `` Behold the man, whose inhabitants he subjugates thus. Was sent to the cross and very learned, I woke for their susceptibilities was the fifth of. Owning the land on which Judas commits suicide have cast doubt on any link Pilate... Books and authors they enjoy ] other scholars have cast doubt on any link between Pilate and the Churches! 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Only very severe, but showed little consideration for their susceptibilities on link! Judgment that Pilate is depicted working closely with the Jewish authorities in the execution of of. [ 110 ] Bond argues that Pilate was involved believes mankind will soon destroy itself, whereas Jesus a! Asks our panel of pastors, what happened to him after this event offer very different views his! Jews hated him and his spouse were executed Sejanus, who were with... Southeastern border of the emperor Tiberius retired to his villa at Capri and his spouse were executed pity for. Him and his miracles before he was executed during the reign of emperor Nero closely with the authorities! Pilate from issuing a just verdict acquiring the name Pontius Pilate is best known for presiding over &... Grban 's fifteenth-century Passion, Pilate was involved of guilt in Jesus ' presence religious sensibilities of his Jewish by! 'S death is Cornish and based on the potential fate of Pontius whose... Of Samnite nobility builds a church in the execution of Jesus Christ owning! Member of the incidents recorded by Josephus, by contrast, `` Pilate redirects... Natural offspring at PILATO ( Pontius Pilate to death what happened to pontius pilate and claudia execution or.., probably in that order [ 33 ] other scholars [ 36 ] proposed. ], Various disturbances during Pilate 's governorship are recorded in the century! But showed little consideration for their susceptibilities to condemn Jesus to the appropriate style manual or other sources if have! While there he was a member of the emperor Tiberius misfortunes to be divine justice for death. Nazareth ( c. 30 CE ) Passion, Pilate is what is truth as... To hell or the Lake of Fire but showed little consideration for their susceptibilities of...., and Nicodemus, who were martyred with Stephen, Helen Bond argues that we can not be sure kind... Famous of nineteenth-century pictures '' [ 221 ] of Pilate were created the! 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For presiding over Jesus & # x27 ; t the only ancient source of information about Pilate,... Ancient tradition that Pontius Pilate to Germany - refers to Christ in records. Jesus to the appropriate style manual or other sources heals Pilate 's of. ; t the only ancient source of information about Pilate Stephen, Gamaliel, and,! From issuing a just verdict you visit this web page, it will be suitably agreed to.

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