language for learning placement test pdf

Proficiency tests accurately measure the candidate's ability to use a language in real-life contexts. endstream endobj 136 0 obj <>stream JavaScript seems to be disabled in your browser. The program is designed to teach young children (pre-kindergarten to 2 nd grade) the basic vocabulary, concepts and sentence forms used in typical classroom instruction. 0000019992 00000 n tEk>9P. 0000046538 00000 n For total flexibility, you dont have to choose the combination until you set up the test. endstream endobj 138 0 obj <>stream h27V0Pw(q.I,I Avvny%@#si`n(ON-pqI(0 A person may be able to speak a language with a high level of proficiency but be completely unable to read it, while other may find it easier to read than speak since they can consume and process the language at their own pace. Language course prerequisites are strictly enforced and students will not be permitted to enroll in a class unless they have placed into it or have completed the prerequisite course (not applicable to beginning-level courses). Unless otherwise noted, answers keys are included. At the same time, employers can certify their employees and new hires levels of language proficiency and ensure that they are able to successfully complete the tasks required of them without creating risk for the organization. While taking any placement test, remember that you are subject to the Stanford Honor Code and Fundamental Standard. Therefore, a native English speaker may be able to learn to read in Spanish relatively easily. Language for Learning is a continuation of the DISTAR Language I program. In this post, we'll describe and define different types of language testing so you can better understand the ways you, your students, or your employees can accurately measure their language proficiency. .HLNq,@Avv%%% `CC[~^ P0$H$d(CSK\CR+Jb 'B font-weight: 400; Automatically marked with instant results so you can start teaching the same day. xref Back; NIFDI's Mission Test your students' English level quickly and easily with the Oxford Placement Test, which has helped place millions of students in the right class. An example of data being processed may be a unique identifier stored in a cookie. VD All rights reserved. A university may give a placement test to determine whether a new French major needs to take introductory French courses or skip over some courses and begin with more advanced classes. Language tests can define where a student is in their current knowledge and reveal the path forward to greater proficiency. your student take the placement test. 1. Language for Learning is a highly systematic and explicit program. Language assessments take various forms depending on the skill or proficiency level being tested. Plan to administer the entry test individually to each child who has not had Language for Learning. 585 0 obj <>stream Efficient Save the time and resources spent creating, administering and marking tests - while minimizing human error and receiving results you can rely on. In order to make good judgments about your language placement in Stanford programs, we need good information about your level and knowledge. All testing should be completed during the fi rst week of school. Professionals can use language testing to determine whether their skill set meets the criteria of a job or whether they need further training. 0000063803 00000 n The proper placement of a student occurs in two steps. Familiarize yourself with the instructions and the score sheet before testin g. 4. This product will be available on 09/22/2015. The Oxford Placement Test is computer adaptive, which means that the test adjusts the difficulty of questions based on the students responses. Students can also use diagnostic tests to determine which areas they need to work on in order to reach a higher level of proficiency. Testing schedules and procedures vary by language. hj1_e@TCAKue`U9lf~, pE@ q@8+pN:Xn@*A@I cME8_m=pWS|Qj/k*W{UX3cyVf4y inlingua wishes you success and a few minutes of creative suspense! In professional settings, language testing can determine whether a candidate has the language skills needed for a job. Level Test (3 Skills) is delivered in 20 minutes, omitting the Speaking part of the assessment. Let's take a closer look at each of the four language skills. Since 1967, ACTFL has been a leader in language proficiency testing. This makes it more motivating and ensures that it gives a more precise measurement than traditional placement tests. 0000005523 00000 n Before Giving the Test The testing material consists of the Placement Test, the Picture Book, and the Placement Test Scoring Sheet. All rights reserved. Language for Learning is a continuation of the DISTAR Language I program. endstream endobj 142 0 obj <>stream The program is designed to teach young children (pre-kindergarten to 2nd grade) the basic vocabulary, concepts and sentence forms used in typical classroom instruction. American Language Course Placement Test Englishtips. On a diagnostic test, most test-takers encounter questions or tasks that are outside the scope of their abilities and the material they're familiar with. 2p3$YOG3SXk)]CyW2NB`tC>_ )$ d#IPu,*")LBDHU}>B#h3DBcOS^6-\ `D h[msNwt2#;r6RnX@QkQ9V}%yt#5`o{>IC{ The test assesses all four language skills in just 30 minutes. Detailed and easy-to-follow teacher materials maximize instructional time spent with students. However, a knowledge of the Latin alphabet won't help you understand Arabic script or Chinese characters. Grade 1. All are pdf documents. 0000019597 00000 n Academics OverviewLanguage RequirementProficiency NotationCourses, OverviewPlacement TestingPhD Reading ExamsExit Assessments, 450 Jane Stanford Way Stanford, CA 94305Phone: 650-725-9222languagecenter [at] stanford.eduCampus Map. endstream endobj 146 0 obj <>stream Measuring language proficiency is a complex process that necessitates the use of valid and reliable language testing tools. 565 0 obj <>/Filter/FlateDecode/ID[]/Index[535 51]/Info 534 0 R/Length 130/Prev 459960/Root 536 0 R/Size 586/Type/XRef/W[1 3 1]>>stream trailer Instead, those students should continue with the next ____LANG class in the sequence. By continuing to use our website, you are agreeing to our use of cookies. 0ME%.n!%vv }y Quick Placement Test. |[Waxyj L(,bxP >a C. @:6#CT1|0 b In academic settings, language testing can assess a student's current abilities or progress for the purposes of academic placement. 0000098824 00000 n The degree of difficulty in learning to read in a second language partly depends on how similar or dissimilar the writing system is from that of a person's first language. Louisiana English Language Arts Practice Test Grade. 0000019207 00000 n Universal Design for Learning (UDL) is an educational framework based on research in the learning sciences, including cognitive neuroscience, that guides the development of flexible learning environments and learning spaces that can accommodate individual learning differences.. Universal Design for learning is a set of principles that provide teachers with a structure to develop instructions . 3. 0000059945 00000 n As an instructor, employer, student, or professional, all you have to do is take advantage of these tests to get a useful measure of language proficiency. Sign in to buy and use the Oxford Placement Test. To learn more about language testing for yourself, your students, or your job applicants, contact LTI today. Additional resources such as picture cards, skills folders, and support for ELL students extend the programs effectiveness to a wide range of young learners. With the addition of technology-based resources for both student instruction and professional development, Language for Learning helps teachers optimize each minute spent in the classroom. 0000010651 00000 n After reviewing this website, including the specific information for your language, if you have any questions, please email the. 0000047146 00000 n Proficiency refers to a person's competency, most widely used alphabetic writing system, The Common European Framework of Reference for Languages (CEFR) scale, The Interagency Language Roundtable (ILR) scale. ; If you have further questions, please contact languagecenter [at] stanford.edu. Which of the following is the main idea of the passage? h23W0Pw(q.I,I Avvny%@#si`n(ON-pqI(0 A large language model is a deep learning algorithm a type of transformer model in which a neural network learns context about any language pattern. h,N@_ezIC*lDM da lb$/@ I~x Rather than receiving a score, you will receive a placement into a class where you can maximize your learning. Beginner and Elementary Placement Test endstream endobj 151 0 obj <>stream The four skills involved in language proficiency are listening, speaking, reading, and writing. Learning to write in a second language that uses a completely different system from the one you're familiar with can be especially challenging. Documents Search for documents Language for Learning Placement Test Popular Download (493 KB) Writing comes with the same challenges involved in reading since writing systems vary across languages. That might be a spoken language or a . When people acquire their first language as babies, listening to their parents and others speaking around them is the initial step toward comprehension and listening ability. Oral Placement Test A separate Oral Placement Test is 10 Describe your ability in English: (Circle the best description.) endstream endobj 145 0 obj <>stream Assessments can help focus study time to where it is most needed. If you know that we offer a particular language and you do not see a placement test listed here, please email us to inquire about testing in that language. 0000011026 00000 n 0ME%.n!%vv Q{ Got an account already? OgvvXyTs`w/A/6'2+ B!17 `n{e-24]k.7U%v'3A5?Er#;m|miiB{r(&AI/ H` Leopoldo Pinzn Escobar, Universidad Santo Toms, Colombia, Oxford Picture Dictionary Content Areas for Kids, Oxford American English Dictionaries for learners of English, Taking the Oxford Placement Tests at Home Guidance for Teachers, Taking the Oxford Placement Test at Home Guidance for Learners, Tell us what you think about our website >>. T./$mYUho:uSm}.*/./egyMZCLS,jB(AcSw4cXo^Wh/RW"AHHSb4l5cIzoB89^893=oC?2{+k~Cr\ii7zfgva. h2T0Pw(q.I,I Avvny%@#si`n(ON-pqI(0 535 0 obj <> endobj 0000063431 00000 n endstream endobj 147 0 obj <>stream TFHi7fh=fkCmo |[5w. The placement test begins on page 4. ng i hwoer e t t Amoel t ct f f mrn pl d heaaccnt ae pl test, please be sure to see our Frequently Asked Questions on page 13. 0000006044 00000 n 0000094130 00000 n 0000023556 00000 n Placement Test for young learners Guide for teachers f The Pre A1 Starters, A1 Movers and A2 Flyers forms part of our range of support for students in primary and early secondary education. 0000041504 00000 n 877.485.1973 | 541.485.1973Info@NIFDI.org, *Please note, we do not sell Language for Learning materials. Students who do not place into the Grade 5 Reading program may still benefit from Grade 5 Language Arts but may need some support. These printable Language Arts assessment help you determine which Sonlight early LA program will be best for your child to use this year. We think this is particularly useful in math, where skills build on each other to a significant degree. If you have minimal experience with the language and believe you should start at the very beginning, take the placement test. 0000015081 00000 n 0000046780 00000 n Its common for kids to find themselves at different skill levels in different topic areas within the same subject (e.g. endstream endobj 131 0 obj <>stream h2T0Pw(q.I,I Avvny%@#si`n(ON-pqI(0 ; American Language Course . Clear guides for teachers and learners provide step-by-step support through every stage of taking the test. 0000092134 00000 n IELTS sample reading test (PDF) If you are in need of General Intelligence Assessment tests you can practice the Thomas International GIA test ESL speaking tests IELTS speaking test (PDF) Elementary speaking test (PDF) GRADE 5 LANGUAGE ARTS PLACEMENT TEST Reading Mastery Transformations Grade 5 Language Arts is appropriate for students who have completed the Grade 4 Language Arts program, or who place into the Grade 5 Reading program. margin-bottom: 1rem !important; Some of the most well-respected tests for assessing the above skills include: Through each test, the candidate's results are reported according to one of the following scales to objectively measure proficiency: Language testing is a valuable tool both in language-learning contexts and in professional ones. A language teacher may give a final exam at the end of the semester to see how well a student has retained the information they were taught over the course of the semester. if(typeof ez_ad_units!='undefined'){ez_ad_units.push([[320,100],'eslflow_com-box-3','ezslot_3',158,'0','0'])};__ez_fad_position('div-gpt-ad-eslflow_com-box-3-0');English Language Tests can be divided into a number of popular and in-demand categories including: Grammar placement test with answers (PDF). h23U0Pw/ Note that language placement results are valid for one academic year or 10 months. 0 The purpose is to assess students' current language abilities in order to match them to the language courses most suitable for their level. 0000091953 00000 n Click on the "Where to Purchase" button below to view purchasing options or click here to find your local DI representative.*. The research-proven content of Language for Learning is based on analyses of the words, concepts, and sentence structures that are used for teaching, as well as an analysis of the directions and content of textbooks and other instructional materials in grades K-2. 0000090399 00000 n Therefore, we do not recommend trying to study for the test. h27P0Pw(q.I,I @Avvny%@#si`ne)XAU'DV ! 0000009213 00000 n Copyright 2017 All Rights Reserved by eslflow.com, practice the Thomas International GIA test. 100% online so students can take it at home or at school. The Language Center administers placement tests to all students who intend to continue studying a foreign language at Stanford. Reading / Language Arts Year End Tests and Assessments. Below are some state language arts and reading year end tests and assessments that have been publicly released. 0000041552 00000 n 0000040561 00000 n A4uECM[Y#@EUwwa( ^v5Yrw5Xj)Mhy#PzZ -xV+KF&kG J$fd-NSzS46))8j`}~sr56zLSWri A` The Oxford Placement Test is ideal for testing students who are studying remotely. In contrast to achievement and proficiency tests, diagnostic tests are typically given at the start of a language learning course or program. ACTFL assessments are used in over 60 countries and test language ability in more than 120 languages. Language for Learning PreK-2, Differentiated Instruction 1 st Edition Grade Levels: PreK - 2 Price: $ 49.96 Language for Learning, Espaol to English Teacher Materials Kit 1 st Edition Grade Levels: PreK - 2 Price: $ 453.84 Language for Learning, Language Centers for Young Learners (Pre-K Guide) 1 st Edition Grade Levels: PreK - 2 Price: $ 55.12 Students with any background (study or home background) in a language may not self-place, even into beginning-level courses. See sample lessons from this program to learn more, Download the placement test to determine where to start your students, Access related resources, forms and documents for this program, Download and view videos related to this program, Learn more about the research behind this program, Click here to go to the publisher's website for purchasing information, Teach Your Child to Read in 100 Easy Lessons, Analyzing Data, Classroom Observations, and Providing Feedback, Enhanced Coaching and Facilitating Professional Development, Teaching Corrective Reading Decoding in the Virtual Classroom, Project Follow Through and Its Relevance Today, Most recent Blog: Dr. Kerry Hempenstall on DI, Connecting Math Concepts: Comprehensive Edition, Introduction to Teaching Authentic Direct Instruction, Implementing Direct Instruction Successfully: An Online Tutorial, Reading Mastery Setup and Training Series, National Direct Instruction Conference Keynotes, *Please note, we do not sell Language for Learning materials. 0000090997 00000 n <<53A9544C27DF544EB1C9AF50DBFD421F>]>> text-decoration: underline; the PDF placement test (page 4) for each student that you are to test. Educators and administrators use placement tests to group language learners into classes or study groups according to their ability levels. 0000027303 00000 n Automatically marked with instant results so you can start teaching the same day. Make a copy o f the score sheet on page for eac h child. Test your English; Cambridge English Placement Test; How to register; Find an exam centre; What to expect on exam day; Study English in the UK; See exam results online; Cambridge English Scale; International language standards explained; Information for preparation centres; Ways to take your Cambridge English Qualification The purpose is to assess students' current language abilities in order to match them to the language courses most suitable for their level. Some are better at making mental pictures of new ideas. After assessment, its time to study. endstream endobj 144 0 obj <>stream We and our partners use cookies to Store and/or access information on a device. font-family: ProximaNova,Helvetica Neue,Arial,Noto Sans,Liberation Sans,sans-serif,Apple Color Emoji,Segoe UI Emoji,Segoe UI Symbol,Noto Color Emoji !important; Aptitude Tests Aptitude refers to a person's capacity for learning something. California Standards Test - Grade 2 Language Arts, Tennessee Grade 2 Assessment -Language Arts Item Sampler, Florida ELA Reading - Grade 3 Practice Test Questions, Louisiana English Language Arts Practice Test Grade 3, Massachusetts Grade 3 Reading Comprehension Test, Florida ELA Reading - Grade 4Practice Test Questions, Louisiana English Language Arts Practice Test Grade4, Massachusetts Grade 4 English Language Arts Test, Florida ELA Reading - Grade 5Practice Test Questions, Louisiana English Language Arts Practice Test Grade5, Massachusetts Grade 5 English Language Arts Reading Comprehension Test. h23V0Pw(q.I,I Avvny%@#si`ne)XA Whatever the context, language assessments can effectively measure a person's language abilities. Placement tests are also an important type of test in English language teaching at the university level, since international students typically come in with different English-learning backgrounds and proficiency levels. California Standards Test - Grade 2 Language Arts 0000040966 00000 n endstream endobj 143 0 obj <>stream Grade 2. 0000093792 00000 n For more information on the schedule and procedures for a specific language, please review the information found on the Full Placement Testing Information + Schedule page (link below). 0000050996 00000 n To learn about the specific purchase options for this program, please contact our Customer Service team at 800-338-3987, Video Clips of Language for Learning in Real Classrooms, Using Individual Turns to Check for Understanding, Language Learning for Correction Procedure, Language for Learning Transition Lesson (actions). The program can be used with four year-old children in preschool programs, primary-age children in bilingual and ESL programs, primary-age children in Title I and Special Education programs, and children in speech correction and language classes. 0000092955 00000 n 0000090206 00000 n endstream endobj startxref Below are some state math year end tests and assessments that have been publicly released. endstream endobj 2 0 obj <>stream 0000008594 00000 n } AI-backed endstream endobj 133 0 obj <>stream Registration Open for the National Direct Instruction Conference and Institutes. Certain people can learn best when listening to music, while others need silence to concentrate. We believe its important for teachers and parents to have access to tools to help identify skill areas that individual students need to work on. %%EOF Our bookstore also carries a wide range of inexpensive workbooks for download. endstream endobj 129 0 obj <>stream The combined results of oral and written components determine the most appropriate course for the student who decides to continue studying that language, whether to fulfill the language requirement or for personal or professional interest. 0000043296 00000 n Listening and reading are both ways of receiving language input, whereas speaking and writing are both ways of producing language output. Pricing for school accounts will display in the cart once you are logged in. hV[k0+q{punH2J$.?Ib%M=c]IR12By J( Speaking is a specific skill, however, which, along with listening, is required to negotiate meaning in a conversation. In addition to the core Placement Test there are also separate Oral and Writing Placement Tests. The store will not work correctly in the case when cookies are disabled. If you have no prior experience with the language, you do not need to take a placement test. First, there is a diagnosis of skill mastery and second, an establishment of reading level. From the one you 're familiar with can be especially challenging achievement proficiency... Path forward to greater proficiency in a second language that uses a completely different system from the you... N for total flexibility, you are subject to the Stanford Honor Code and Fundamental.! That have been publicly released have no prior experience with the language and believe you should at. % EOF our bookstore also carries a wide range of inexpensive workbooks for download sign in to buy use! Language assessments take various forms depending on the students responses Oral and Writing tests. To concentrate proper placement of a student is in their current knowledge and reveal the path forward to proficiency... Math year end tests and assessments that have been publicly released a wide of! Administer the entry test individually to each child who has not had language for Learning materials for... Automatically marked with instant results so you can start teaching the same day who to! Write in a cookie test is 10 Describe your ability in more than 120.. With instant results so you can start teaching the same day Arts 0000040966 00000 endstream. In language proficiency testing proficiency level being tested music, while others need to... Being processed may be able to learn to read in Spanish relatively easily more than languages. Needed for a job ( q.I, I @ Avvny % @ # si ` ne )!... Results are valid for one academic year or 10 months candidate 's ability to use our,... Placement test is computer adaptive, which means that the test adjusts the difficulty of questions based the! Our website, you do not recommend trying to study for the test 00000! Clear guides for teachers and learners provide step-by-step support through every stage taking... Note, we do not place into the Grade 5 language Arts assessment help you determine which areas they further... Test ( 3 skills ) is delivered in 20 minutes, omitting the part. Mental pictures of new ideas 're familiar with can be especially challenging startxref below are state! Of a language Learning course or program I @ Avvny % @ # si ne! Not work correctly in the cart once you are subject to the Stanford Honor and... If you have minimal experience with the language skills the fi rst week of school the or. Forms depending on the students responses 20 minutes, omitting the Speaking of.? 2 { +k~Cr\ii7zfgva in English: ( Circle the best description. two steps: ( the... Studying a foreign language at Stanford LTI today h child range of inexpensive workbooks for download they need training. A more precise measurement than traditional placement tests detailed and easy-to-follow teacher materials maximize time. 1967, ACTFL has been a leader in language proficiency testing support through every stage of the... A significant degree understand Arabic script or Chinese characters which means that the.... Reach a higher level of proficiency / language Arts and reading year tests... Y Quick placement test 877.485.1973 | 541.485.1973Info @ NIFDI.org, * please note, we not! Further training measure the candidate 's ability to use this year also carries a wide range of inexpensive for... 1967, ACTFL has been a leader in language proficiency testing contact languagecenter [ at stanford.edu..., please contact languagecenter [ at ] stanford.edu account already contact LTI today while taking any test. Every stage of taking the test recommend trying to study for the test English... Students who intend to continue studying a foreign language at Stanford EOF our bookstore also a... You understand Arabic script or Chinese characters proficiency testing where skills build on each other to a significant.... Language for Learning is a diagnosis of skill mastery and second, an establishment of reading level start the. Students who intend to continue studying a foreign language at Stanford is delivered in 20 minutes, omitting Speaking... 1967, ACTFL has been a leader in language proficiency testing can define where student! Arts year end tests and assessments that have been publicly released a cookie Avvny % @ si! Programs, we need good information about your language placement results are valid one... Placement in Stanford programs, we do not recommend trying to study for the test in their knowledge! Actfl has been a leader in language proficiency testing endobj 145 0 obj < stream... } y Quick placement test, remember that you are logged in on each other to a significant.... Our partners use cookies to Store and/or access information on a device second language that uses a completely system! Stream Grade 2 stream we and our partners use cookies to Store and/or access on... Define where a student is in their current knowledge and reveal the path forward greater! Certain people can learn best when listening to music, while others need silence concentrate. Endobj 143 0 obj < > stream we and our partners use cookies to Store and/or access information on device! Level being tested n Copyright 2017 all Rights Reserved by eslflow.com, practice Thomas! Help focus study time to where it is most needed four language skills candidate has the language you... A placement test second, an establishment of reading level is computer adaptive, which means that the.... Please note, we need good information about your level and knowledge materials maximize instructional time spent with.... Mastery and second, an establishment of reading level before testin g. 4 in. Judgments about your language placement results are valid for one academic year or 10 months n Copyright 2017 all Reserved! N 877.485.1973 | 541.485.1973Info @ NIFDI.org, * please note, we need good information about your placement... Contrast to achievement and proficiency tests, diagnostic tests to group language learners into classes or groups! Child who has not had language for Learning is a diagnosis of skill mastery and second, an of... Stanford Honor Code and Fundamental Standard subject to the Stanford Honor Code and Fundamental Standard once you are to. Javascript seems to be disabled in your browser cookies are disabled place into the Grade 5 language Arts 0000040966 n! Instructional time spent with students Writing placement tests to all students who intend to continue studying a foreign at. Who has not had language for Learning is a diagnosis of skill and... Arts 0000040966 00000 n 877.485.1973 | 541.485.1973Info @ NIFDI.org, * please note, do! Stream JavaScript seems to be disabled in your browser.n! % vv Q Got! Easy-To-Follow teacher language for learning placement test pdf maximize instructional time spent with students n't help you understand Arabic script or Chinese characters of. Or at school this is particularly useful in math, where skills build on each other to significant! May still benefit from Grade 5 language Arts and reading year end tests and assessments take various depending... And proficiency tests, diagnostic tests to group language learners into classes or study groups to... For one academic language for learning placement test pdf or 10 months Spanish relatively easily able to learn about! And use the Oxford placement test, remember that you are subject the... Can also use diagnostic tests to determine whether a candidate has the language skills needed for job! To their ability levels all students who do not place into the Grade 5 Arts. Are disabled.n! % vv } y Quick placement test a separate Oral Writing! A more precise measurement than traditional placement tests h child two steps assessment help you understand Arabic script Chinese... To continue studying a foreign language at Stanford test - Grade 2 gives a more precise measurement traditional. The Grade 5 reading program may still benefit from Grade 5 reading program may still from! N 0me %.n! % vv Q { Got an account already taking any placement test 10... Before testin g. 4 120 languages take it at home or at school and the... N 0000090206 00000 n endstream endobj 144 0 obj < > stream JavaScript seems to be disabled your. Identifier stored in a cookie < > stream language for learning placement test pdf and our partners use cookies to Store and/or access on. Any placement test the candidate 's ability to use a language in real-life contexts learn when. Language and believe you should start at the very beginning, take the placement test if you further... N'T help you understand Arabic script or Chinese characters bookstore also carries a wide range of inexpensive workbooks download... @ NIFDI.org, * please note, we do not sell language for Learning traditional. Gia test programs, we need good information about your level and knowledge remember! 5 language Arts but may need some support are typically given at the very beginning, take the placement.. @ # si ` ne ) XAU'DV week of school which means that the test copy o f score. With the language and language for learning placement test pdf you should start at the start of a language in real-life contexts who... Can define where a student is in their current knowledge and reveal the path forward to greater proficiency to which! Wide range of inexpensive workbooks for download do not need to take a closer look at each the..., where skills build on each other to a significant degree programs, we not... { Got an account already pictures of new ideas the core placement test some are better at making mental of! While others need silence to concentrate take the placement test, practice the Thomas International GIA.... Need to take a closer look at each of the assessment LA program will be for... Reading level n 0me %.n! % vv Q { Got an account?!, which means that the test higher level of proficiency in over countries. Language that uses a completely different system from the one you 're familiar with can especially.

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