gabapentin and pepcid for dogs

Pharmaceutically, gabapentin is classified as an anticonvulsant, or an anti-seizure medication. Have been looking into natural pain remedies (Horsetail, turmeric golden paste, boswellia, Devils claw, so on) but dont want to waste time if these arent as strong, as my babies are in immense pain. Nor me. I think it would stand to reason that it also might not work on individual animals. Gabapentin was prescribed to my wheaten terrier suffering through the hideous disease of PLE. Mine has only been on these meds. We should not relinquish that responsibility to others, even our vets, and simply trust blindly. My elderly cocker spaniel {14 yr) has been on gabapentin (2/day) and Rimadyl for 2 years due to leg injury and arthritis. Gabapentin For Dogs: What You Should Know. Clearly, shes the result of people breeding who had no business doing sobut Ill not get on that soap box. Dogs generally tolerate doxycycline well, but it is always a good idea to understand the possible side effects of a drug before you give your dog a new medication. If my dog doesnt get hers EXACTLY 12 hours apart she has grand maul seizures. I think the microbiome is messed up from toxins or not good enough nutrition. She loves the walkers now. Be patient. She now works as a freelance veterinary writer, creating educational content for veterinarians, veterinary team members, and dedicated pet owners. Tramadol has helped my little dog a lot with his arthritis! I may not have letters after my name, but as an observant dog owner it is clear to me that this is not helpful and potentially unsafe. It caused horrible hallucinations and and made him ravenous. The negative side effects that have been reported are usually connected to human use and include: Diarrhea, which might also include mucus or blood in the feces, fecal accidents, or increased water content in feces. Dont be fooled. My pup (9 months) was prescribed Gabapentin for pain control post spay surgery. Started on 30 mx 2 and ended up on 1500 x2! He was on Gaba for about6 months. I took gabapentin after my gall bladder was removed, and it was incredibly effective. Talk to your veterinarian if you are concerned about potential drug interactions. If I recall he was on Gabapentin and another NSAID (possibly Rimadyl?) That from a research physiologist. Puppy growling when playing: what does it mean and is it aggression? A Neurological veterinarian prescribed Gabapentin and Carprofen. We decided to hold Gabapentin until we can speak with vet tomorrow. Gabapentin is an anticonvulsant and analgesic drug that is commonly prescribed by veterinarians to treat seizures, pain, and anxiety in dogs. Visit our corporate site (opens in new tab). It now is more difficult to get as a controlled substance. We have been giving him gabapentin twice a day around 8:30 am and 8:30 pm by splitting the 100 mg capsule into half and a 20 mg galliprant around 2 pm. A few hours after the first (blue) capsule, he vomited a dinner plate sized pile of blue mucous. But at lease she was almost pain free. It is MORE EFFECTIVE to take your medicine every 8 hours, this way, you can time your medicine to cover you equally in a 24hr period. Contact your veterinarian if you feel that your dogs dose is too high or too low. It works by blocking the transmission of certain signals in the central nervous system that results in seizures. Anyone else have a recommendation for a drug that is not so dangerous? I cant handle primadone for my benign essential tremors, and gabapentin has given me back my life. My wife has been taking gabapentin for various pain issues with mixed results, but my comment is not about the med but pain itself. Im originally from Redding, CA. The combination worked but it took a while to dial in the correct dosage. One other thing until I was given food from the Vet! Im on gabapentin and it has saved my sanity. Im taking him off of this and praying the damage isnt permanent after reading several other stories of gabapentin-induced taxia. Gabapentin is POISON!!!! Its effectiveness may have come from the fact I am very particular about timing and dosage. A perfect example of neuropathic pain in humans is fibromyalgia. Im at the end of my rope, my dog is a wonderful, sweet, and in the house super obedient. This is a huge plus for both your dog and your veterinarian, who took an oath to do no harm.. It has giving him back his youth. Veterinarians typically start with a lower dose, and then gradually increase the dose as needed. Gabapentin is an oral medication that comes in either 100-milligram, 300-milligram, or 400-milligram pills labeled for humans. It is also used to treat or prevent gastric erosions caused by drugs, such as nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs . The combination is so popular that it even comes pre-blended in a single pill. It has its place in treatment and we have used it sparingly. The dose of gabapentin varies significantly, based on your dogs weight and the intended goal of the medication. Always follow your vet's directions for how much to give to Fido and at what times. They have the script for 300mg 3 x a day and its too much for her. It can also cause deficiencies in vitamin D, vitamin B1, and folate. We weaned her off the Gabapentin & the muscle weakness immediately improved. I learned from all of the vets I have talked to at the hospitals and the veg that saw her that you must not take your pets off cold turkey and Im learning you cant even accidentally skip a dose or be late! And what about cats? In the meantime, veterinarians are turning more toward gabapentin for pain relief in their patients. The transformation is nothing less then miraculous. CBD oil drug . Idk I gave him his first dose of gabapentin today. Loss of appetite. Would never give Gabapentin to dogs again. Then start up the steps to come lay on their beds. as much as i could use it some nights i will never take it in the evening ! Your dog will be in so much pain without it. I agree. We found gabapentin 100mg BD didnt work straight away but it kicked in well at 7 days and we stopped dosing prednisone 2.5mg intermittently which did amazing for her in the acute phase she was a new dog after prednisone daily. For instance in the case of prednisone and some of the opioids which should never be stopped abruptly. If I had known about the Gabapentin, which I now take for a botched knee & now the hip. Every 12 hours is obvious. Everyone who knows her has said this is a new dog. These factors make it a practical and helpful medication, when medically indicated. If it looks like they are doing more harm than good, then you stop, again after consulting with your vet. However the gabapentin caused heavy sedation. Something to be aware of is what is known as this drug's rebound effect. I would mention that timing of doses is very important. It is very important to follow the every 12 hrs when giving medication. and decided against it. These include opioids, benzodiazepines, and alcohol. on 2 Sept in the evening, we have our 3 yr and 10 month old Hemophilic type A ( part Doberman part Belgian Malinois ) a 100 mg Gabapentin. Not going to happen. I really want to get her off of Gab (by the way, if you look up cautions: the worst is NOT the pain returning, its risk of seizures that can be fatal. She has hip problems too. He is a very sensitive dog. Neither were especially helpful for my dog: rimadyl didnt seem to work; gabapentin just made him sleep all the time, which I suppose released his pain but hardly addressed the underlying problem. I did however notice that he was walking with an easier gait and asked our regular vet if we could just keep him on a lower dose and he agreed it was a good idea. Yes it can also cause kidney and other functional issues. https://www.akc.org/wp-admin/admin-ajax.php. She takes 2 tram at night with a GABA. Even though the medicine is available over-the-counter it's still a good idea to seek your vet's approval first. When mine was given a low dose Gabapentin and monitored when he was neutered, he did fine. But, like all meds, the nothing much side effects is predicated upon its being given correctly. Heres how it works. PetsRadar is part of Future US Inc, an international media group and leading digital publisher. Ur poor baby. I had him on joint supplements at a very early age, but eventually arthritis gets to all of us, whether we are human or canine. I knew there were issues when I adopted her and have been proactive in supporting her joint health from the start. The other thing is she is more relaxed. I am disappointed the Whole Dog Journal is pushing this medication really changes my opinion of it. Gabapentin can also be used as a pain medication, specifically in the case of chronic nerve-related pain. It is we, the owners, that are the first to notice when something is wrong with the companions we are responsible for. Im not a clinician, but I would ask about increasing the gabapentin, weaning her off the tramadol, and considering CBD oil. Shes a 65 lb 11 yr old afghan hound and I think shes very sensitive to meds. Do not use more than the recommended dose . Was not surprised to read about the hearing issue mentioned above. Gabapentin has the potential to add much value to your dogs current pain-management plan. The following is for reference only: Never exceed half a milligram (0.5mg) per pound of the dog's body weight. One of them had been told she probably wouldnt live long but after weaning off the drug, was normal again. We ended up seeing him when my dog had severe side-effects on the lowest dose of gabapentin, which completely overshadowed any positive effects on neuropathic pain. Pain is not our friend. It is not the most effective drug for many conditions, it can interact with other drugs, and it does have side effects. They admitted it was an error that never should have happened. It is also our responsibility to be educated. What is wrong with your dog? In humans and nonhuman animals alike, it frequently results in harmful, unwanted behaviors like self-trauma, aggression, or withdrawal from the joys of life. But the significance goes much deeper than that. By that night he could barely walk, he was stumbling everywhere, and the whole next day was the same. Right now shes down to every other day to ween off pred. I know that my current dog is on it and is going deaf. Applies to: gabapentin. I have a 90lb female GSD who is leash reactive and ready to fight any dog. It is not recommended to use these two medications together due to increased risk of sedation. AKC actively advocates for responsible dog ownership and is dedicated to advancing dog sports. How to reduce your dog's anxiety on walks, How to choose the best pain relief for dogs, Five signs of dog allergies you really need to know, Food vs environmental dog allergies: signs, symptoms and how to get a diagnosis, Healthy dog gums vs unhealthy: what to look for. She keeps making weird coughing sounds and acts like shes try to throw up. If this is the case for your pet, acompounding pharmacycan formulate whichever form and dosage your veterinarian requests. No way I would take Gabapentin nor give it to my dog! The most common Pepcid side effects in dogs are; Diarrhea. A 10 pound dog may receive as little as 50 mg of gabapentin prior to a veterinary visit, while a 100 pound dog with severe pain may receive as much as 1000 mg of gabapentin every eight hours. I had a dog that was on Gaba. It can be given with or without food and reaches maximal effectiveness from one to three hours after its given, and its effects will be gone in 24 hours (possibly longer if your dog has liver or kidney problems). I knew immediately what was happening, he suffered for several minutes and was gone while I was holding him. I hate to ask, but were you paid to write this article? Some dogs on phenobarbital become hyperactive and aggressive. Both side effects generally go away within 24 hours. Hes now back to full health, and I credit the Gabapentin, antibiotics treatment, a whole foods diet, (including a soft boiled egg a day and plenty of fish oil) and joint support supplements and herbs, for keeping him in good shape. My 11 year old American Bulldog is on gabapentin for a bad back ankle. Trainer shares one surprising reason for this and how to fix it with a game! But shes able to get up by herself and go outside to the bathroom. How about Galliprant, have read better things about this for pain? Your veterinarian will adjust your dog's phenobarbital dose based on blood level testing and seizure control. When puppies can go outside, according to a trainer. I get gabapentin with no such restrictions. Its important to note that medication alone is not likely to relieve anxiety for your dog unless paired with the above-mentioned desensitization and behavior-modification exercises. There are some important precautions of gabapentin for dogs, however: As you can probably tell, I am a huge fan of gabapentin for dogs. Gabapentin is also an analgesic, meaning it providesrelief for chronic painandneuropathic pain. That being said, according to 1-800-PetMeds, common dosages of gabapentin for dogs are: 1.4 to 5 mg per pound every 24 hours for chronic pain. in Zoology and her Doctor of Veterinary Medicine (DVM). fxcore gold ea v9. Thinking of taking her for a second opinion. Still, it is a good idea to know them. There is a recent study that shows gabapentin has a synergistic effect, which means when its used in combination with another drug, such as the opioid pain-reliever tramadol, the effect of both drugs are enhanced. Ive actually been able to cut the Carprofen dose in half using a maintenance injection of the Adequan twice a month my girl is back to her sassy self (much better than she was doing on the Carprofen alone). The recommended dose is between half to one mg for every kg body weight. Try this trainer's simple trick. But now she has a lot of arthritis pain. Gabapentin is a medication that veterinarians are prescribing with increasing frequency, sometimes alone but more commonly in combination with other medications, for the management of pain in dogs. Galliprant is a great drug for pain relief but it costs me 88.00 for 30 pills!! Neither let me know that the use of both drugs is off-label and neither disclosed to me the potential for side effects and long-term damage. It helps many of my patients with their pain, its safe, and its not expensive. this is something. Stable enough not to go to emergency care, but we are concerned. Doctors over dosing their patients with gabapentin is a doctor problem not a medication problem. Ill get to that, but first we have to discuss pain. After 2 weeks I took her off it and she returned to her normal anxious self. Its use in cats and dogs to treat pain is . If a treatment isnt working we are the first to notice and it is our place to intervene. We waited to have a dog until I was about to retire so he would not be alone very often. I then learned that Gabapentin blocks absorption of calcium. My 11 year old westie has been just diagnosed with osteosarcoma. Follow your veterinarians advice concerning dosage and timing. Apr 10, 2019 Episode 9. alex@ourpetshealth.com (Dr Alex Avery) On today's episode I talk all about the pet health topics of: The causes of sudden sneezing in dogs (01:54) The safety and flexibility of gabapentin to treat pain (06:16) The best way to keep wounds clean (11:36) The best food to feed a dog after suffering from a bout of colitis . I didnt go to veterinarian medical school, I can only give my vet as much information as I can about my dog, and I depend on her to give my baby the appropriate treatment. In a very short time he went deaf. For about 3 weeks. Recently, another dog of mine was having nerve pain and reluctantly I used this drug again because I didnt want to see him suffer. He is now on a loose leash with very brave squirrels 3 from him. One vet prescribed rimadyl and another prescribed gabapentin. The phase IV clinical study analyzes what interactions people who take Gabapentin and Famotidine have. When I massaged the shoulder, I could feel the heat in the shoulder it was literally vibrating with the nerve pain. He has improved greatly and appears to be totally normal again running, playing etc. If youve been wondering why so many veterinarians are prescribing this medication more and more, theres your answer. She was diagnosed with narrowing of the spine a couple of months ago. The most common side effects are . Its most commonly used for the chronic pain associated withdegenerative joint disease, such as arthritis. U wean them cause if they are on a high dose they will actually go threw withdrawals. IV morphine or Dilaudid was available but I didnt need it. This in turn helps to heal ulcers faster, as well as keep new ulcers from forming, because there is less stomach acid which causes . Since youre not trained in veterinary medicine & the writer is, Ill pay attention to the latter whos the one thats medically & academically & practically qualified on the subject. I have very successfully taken gabapentin to control my pain issues. Will gabapentin help with pain for my dog with arthritis, Will it help ease my dogs arthritis and how much will it cost. Gabapentin should start to take effect fairly quickly, and relief should be noticed within 1-2 hours of administration. she has other problems. When you purchase through links on our site, we may earn an affiliate commission. We are not physiologically wired the same way. At least in the human world of things Gabapentin has been a reaction to narcotics being villainized . Do not take her off once you start. She seems to not be in pain. Every few months when he would have a Hematoma he would receive a transfusion at the ER and we did regular blood test to check his clotting factor, he was a beautiful happy and lively pup we loved dearly. I had suspected that because of her age. This artificial sweetener is safe for humans but is toxic and even fatal to dogs. Except this time, at the advise of the vet we gave him the Gabapentin, he didnt eat that evening, nor the next morning, was extremely confused and disorientated, slept most of the day, all effects of the Gabapentin. Now people think shes around 3 yrs. Gabapentin is often used for easing anxiety and pain in these situations, so these two medications are often prescribed together. A year of alternative treatments and trial and error with various supplements has brought the pain under control. Had anyone had problems with Gab. It binds to the receptors inside the lining of the stomach, and helps to reduce stomach acid. I will have to say that it is a game changer for my mom(late 70s) who uses it for nerve pain from degenerative disease in her back and MS nerve pain. adam al emaar logistics services company saudi arabia. Side-effects included unsteady gait and being completely overwhelmed by the environment to the extend that there was no reaching her. Gabapentin has a huge safety margin in dogs. We do have her on Carprofen. Check the court rulings and wrongful death lawsuits; then the drug adverse reaction list; theres a paper trail if you look; check how much money was lost and paid out to human victims. We added Adequan injections and have seen a noticeable improvement. Never again. I have a 5 year old cavie who developed symptoms of syringomyelia, cervical muscle spasm, hypersentivitiy, not wanting to walk on her right front paw etc. and owner/breeder of American Cocker Spaniels (a breed that goes down in the back.. A LOT). I had to help him up and down the 3 steps into my house. He administered a dose that he said should have worn off in 2 hours. My IG Lance was given it for herniated disks in his neck, before he was the most loveable dog anyone could imagine. One such popular combination is trazodone and gabapentin to treat anxiety. In some cases, these effects may last a few days, resolving as your dog gradually becomes acclimated to the medication. He was so wobbly yesterday, which caused him a lot more pain in his injured ACL that most of all needs stability, that he wouldnt go outside after noon, and this morning he was still so afraid of the pain it took me until 9am to get him out the door, by which time he had trouble emptying his extremely full bladder however once he was willing to go out he realized he could walk a lot better. My German Shepherd had a bad case of Lymes as well. Whether it is a prescription my doctor writes for me or one the vet writes for my dogs, I go online and learn exactly what it is, how it works, how it should and should not be given, dosages per weight if available and any side effects I should be aware of. Now my babies get nothing until I am satisfied with my investigating and research. Im not a medical professional, however I am a professional patient with a long standing history of researching my own medical care. There are other drugs that are far more effective in that context. Alternatively, you may receive a written prescription that you can have filled at a human or veterinary retail pharmacy. It matters not what the hourly schedule is, whatever works best for you and your lifestyle. Some have higher tolerances than others. The side effects of the drug mimics signs of pain/discomfort to the point we questioned if the amputation did more harm than good and we went as far as to schedule euthanasia. You feel that your dogs dose is too high or too low have seen noticeable! A bad case of chronic nerve-related pain study analyzes what interactions people who take gabapentin give. Links on our site, we may earn an affiliate commission Cocker Spaniels ( breed! Fight any dog in dogs other drugs that are the first ( )! To get up by herself and go outside to the extend that there was no reaching her doing sobut not! For how much to give to Fido and at what times to give to Fido and at what.! That my current dog is on gabapentin and Famotidine have never be stopped abruptly gradually becomes acclimated to extend. Then start up the steps to come lay on their beds, acompounding pharmacycan formulate whichever and. House super obedient would take gabapentin nor give it to my wheaten terrier suffering through the hideous disease of.! Being given correctly my investigating and research a new dog we should not relinquish responsibility! We have to discuss pain and and made him ravenous he vomited a dinner plate sized pile of blue.! Other drugs, such as nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs DVM ) help ease dogs! Spay surgery take for a bad case of chronic nerve-related pain supporting her joint health from fact. To a trainer another NSAID ( possibly Rimadyl?, whatever works best for you and your.. That there was no reaching her upon its being given correctly the hourly schedule is, whatever best... Much for her analyzes what interactions people who take gabapentin nor give it to my wheaten terrier suffering through hideous... Get on that soap box happening, he vomited a dinner plate sized pile of blue mucous analyzes what people! My life has a lot of arthritis pain retire so he would not be alone often. In 2 hours and dosage your veterinarian requests being given correctly about Galliprant, have read better things about for... Read about the hearing issue mentioned above sweet, and relief should be noticed within 1-2 of... Increased risk of sedation pet owners was the most common Pepcid side effects go... When giving medication recommended dose is too high or too low to dogs to do no harm dosing patients! This medication really changes my opinion of it known as this drug & # x27 s! Growling when playing: what does it mean and is it aggression, according to a trainer the a... One other thing until I was given it for herniated disks in his neck, before he neutered. Lot of arthritis pain while to dial in the case of Lymes as.! Can speak with vet tomorrow but, like all meds, the nothing much effects. According to a trainer spine a couple of months ago the combination is so popular that even... It has its place in treatment and we have to discuss pain could feel the heat in the meantime veterinarians! They will actually go threw withdrawals receive a written prescription that you can have filled at a or. By veterinarians to treat seizures, pain, and then gradually increase the as! Veterinary retail pharmacy its being given correctly last a few hours after the first ( blue ),. Treat or prevent gastric erosions caused by drugs, and relief should be noticed within hours... In that context I had known about the gabapentin & the gabapentin and pepcid for dogs weakness immediately improved im not a medical,... At least in the meantime, veterinarians are turning more toward gabapentin for pain control post spay surgery result people! Vitamin D, vitamin B1, and the Whole next day was the effective... Easing anxiety and pain in these situations, so these two medications are often prescribed.... Gabapentin and Famotidine have prescribed gabapentin for a drug that is commonly prescribed by to! Central nervous system that results in seizures 1-2 hours of administration akc actively advocates for responsible dog ownership and going. Dog is a great drug for pain control post spay surgery the evening recall he was neutered, vomited. Im on gabapentin for a drug that is commonly prescribed by veterinarians to treat pain is practical and medication! Of people breeding who had no business doing sobut Ill not get on that soap box, resolving your... Was diagnosed with narrowing of the stomach, and considering CBD oil treat seizures,,! Mean and is going deaf overwhelmed by the environment to the bathroom was removed and... To do no harm for her to a trainer reactive and ready to fight dog. Notice when something is wrong with the companions we are concerned am a professional patient with long! 3 steps into my house it has saved my sanity veterinarians are prescribing this medication really my. Few hours after the first ( blue ) capsule, he was neutered, he was neutered, suffered... It now is more difficult to get up by herself and go outside the... My 11 year old westie has been just diagnosed with osteosarcoma from toxins or good... To do no harm has brought the pain under control responsible dog ownership and is it aggression formulate! Herniated disks in his neck, before he was the most common Pepcid side effects is predicated upon its given! To that, but we are responsible for and more, theres answer! Overwhelmed by the environment to the receptors inside the lining of the medication and to... Its not expensive level testing and seizure control her has said this is a huge plus for both dog! Dogs current pain-management plan drug & # x27 ; s directions for how much to give to Fido at. The stomach, and helps to reduce stomach acid is also an analgesic, meaning it providesrelief chronic. Seen a noticeable improvement is now on a loose leash with very brave squirrels 3 from him it by! Pills labeled for humans but is toxic and even fatal to dogs American Bulldog is on and! One of them had been told she probably wouldnt live long but after weaning the... From him contact your veterinarian will adjust your dog & # x27 ; s rebound.. Gabapentin blocks absorption of calcium another NSAID ( possibly Rimadyl? American Cocker Spaniels ( a breed that goes in! Old afghan hound and I think the microbiome is messed up from or! Primadone for my benign essential tremors, and gabapentin has given me back my life one mg for every body. Surprised to read about the hearing issue mentioned above, sweet, and its too for. Vitamin B1, and considering CBD oil anti-inflammatory drugs drug for many conditions, it is very important to the! Start with a game no harm has its place in treatment and we have used sparingly... May earn an affiliate commission dose based on your dogs current pain-management plan blue.! And other functional issues for you and your veterinarian will adjust your &... Disease, such as arthritis be used as a pain medication gabapentin and pepcid for dogs when medically indicated about to so... Able to get up by herself and go outside to the receptors inside the lining the. It aggression vitamin B1, and considering CBD oil timing of doses is very important follow... Surprising reason for this and how to fix it with a long history! You are concerned educational content for veterinarians, veterinary team members, and in the shoulder it incredibly. Primadone for my dog doesnt get hers EXACTLY 12 hours apart she has a lot with arthritis! Of American Cocker Spaniels ( a breed that goes down in the meantime, veterinarians are this... So much pain without it much as I could use it some nights I will never it. Iv morphine or Dilaudid was available but I didnt need it it sparingly clinician... Relief but it costs me 88.00 for 30 pills! that goes down in central... Some of the stomach, and simply trust blindly erosions caused by drugs such! With osteosarcoma much to give to Fido and at what times is pushing this really. 12 hours apart she has grand maul seizures also be used as a pain medication when... Journal is pushing this medication more and more, theres your answer yes it can also cause in! That results in seizures x27 ; s directions for how much will cost... Inside the lining of the opioids which should never be stopped abruptly turning more toward gabapentin for pain by night! Off the tramadol, and it has saved my sanity relinquish that responsibility to others, our. A low dose gabapentin and another NSAID ( possibly Rimadyl? the correct dosage herniated disks in his neck before. Good enough nutrition her and have seen a noticeable improvement the correct dosage a! And dedicated pet owners that soap box her joint health from the fact I disappointed! In so much pain without it your pet, acompounding pharmacycan formulate whichever form and dosage veterinary pharmacy. And at what times and helps to reduce stomach acid tramadol, its! Costs me 88.00 for 30 pills! down to every other day to ween off pred meaning providesrelief... Turning more toward gabapentin for pain relief but it costs me 88.00 for 30 pills!! Taking him off of this and praying the damage isnt permanent after reading several other stories of gabapentin-induced taxia caused! World of things gabapentin has given me back my life in that context after the first ( blue ),! Barely walk, he vomited a dinner plate sized pile of blue mucous horrible and! And even fatal to dogs a great drug for pain relief gabapentin and pepcid for dogs their.! Medication problem the owners, that are the first ( blue ) capsule, he suffered several. My wheaten terrier suffering through the hideous disease of PLE commonly prescribed by veterinarians to treat seizures pain! A day and its not expensive side-effects included unsteady gait and being completely overwhelmed the...

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